Tuesday, November 6, 2012

Assignment 10 - Blog and Read Opening Skinner’s Box

Chapter 1

The first chapter of the book describes the author, Laurence Slater's attempts to research  and understand Skinner and his research. B. F. Skinner believed that people were a construct of their experiences and held no free will. To this end, he believed it is possible to use positive feedback to condition desired responses. As Slater found out as she began her research, there are numerous misconceptions about Skinner and his research. Many falsely believe that his famous air crib conditioning of his daughter drove her to commit suicide later in her life. After failing to track down the supposedly deceased daughter, Slater manages to find her sister. The sister is obviously guarded as she has undoubtedly been interviewed countless times about her dad and sister. She quickly tells Slater that her sister is currently living in England and that her dad loved both the kids unconditionally. Before Slater leaves she tells her to read Freedom and Dignity, a philosophical book by Skinner.


 
Chapter 2

This chapter is a retelling Milcram's shock experiment. It is told primary in a first person point of view as if the reader were the subject being tested for fallowing orders. It is very detail rich and covers all areas from before arriving at the testing center to the actual shocking of the test subject and the inability to refuse the orders of the authority figure. The retelling offers a different point of view from previous readings and is far more interesting as the reader is put in the position of the test subject. It forces the reader to try to figure out what he/she would have done in the same situation. After describing the experiment, the chapter continues to explain Slater's fallow up research and how she tracked down a previous test subject. The man she found was one of the minority that refused to continue administering  the shocks, and even he did it because he feared it was becoming hazardous to his own health.

Assignment 9 - Blog and Read Obedience to Authority

Assignment 7 - Blog and Read About Nonobvious Observation

Monday, October 15, 2012

Gang Leader for a day


Chapter 1:

Sudhir Venkatesh, an Indian student at the University of  Chicago, takes on an sociology assignment from his professor to gather information about the poor black families that live in the projects of the city. With any luck Sudhir hopes he will be able to develop this assignment into a dissertation for his academic progression. Armed with only a shallow understanding of surveys that have been completed before his and a blissfully ignorant personality Sudhir picks one of the most infamous buildings in town to start his research and walks right up to the gang stationed at the front door. He is instantly met with distrust and believed to be a member of another gang. Even though he does his best to explain that he is a student and only wishes to carry out a survey, his pleas fall on deaf ears. After a prolonged period of threatening his life one gang member instructs him to begin his survey. The first question on his list, "How does it feel to be poor and black" gets violent outbursts from the gang members. Fortunately, at this time, J.T. shows up to the scene. J.T. is the leader of the gang in charge of the building and demands to know what is happening. J.T. does not show as much outward aggression towards Sudhir as the rest of the gang members did, but he is clearly unhappy with the disturbance. After taking Sudhir's clipboard and skimming through the questions J.T. laughs at the blatant ignorance displayed by Sudhir and his survey. He explains that no survey will ever allow you to understand the people living in the projects and if you really want to understand you must get to know the people first.     

Chapter 2:

Taking J.T's instructions to get to know the community better as an open invitation, Sudhir shows back up in the projects shortly later. While initially surprised to see Sudhir back at the building, J.T. decides to start allowing him some access to the building to start his research under the false presumption that the paper Sudhir will eventually write will be a biography about him. J.T. acts as his personal chaperon while he is in the area, offering him protection and an insight to a poor lifestyle that is alien to Sudhir.  J.T explains that the basics of how the Black Kings operate and what other underground professions operate in the area. Sudhir is surprised to find out that J.T. actually has a college education and chose to return to the gang life. J.T. claims to be doing it to give back to the community and trying to help other poor black kids succeed in life, but these claims seem shallow at best to the reader. It is far more likely that J.T. just decided that the quickest way to make money was by operating a  gang. While Sudhir is getting an inside view of what is going on in the gang it is clear to him that it is not a complete picture. J.T. has to much power over him and can control what he sees and hears. One of the defining sections of this chapter however, occurs when Sudhir starts to have a favorable reputation among the community and no longer always needs to be by J.T's side. Without J.T's knowledge, Sudhir is present when C-Note is savagely beaten by J.T for confronting his authority. While Sudhir had some idea that this was going on, witnessing it in person causes him to question his own personal moral compass. 

Chapter 3:

The third chapter of the book covers two distinct areas: Sudhir's continuing moral questions about his involvement with the gang and how the gang provides(to some degree) for the community around it. 

After witnessing C-note's beating Sudhir is nervous that he will no longer be allowed back into the gangs area. Fortunately, J.T. soon invites him back for his daughters birthday party and C-notes beating is not mentioned for a prolonged period of time. A second occurrence when Sudhir witnesses the gang beating a squatter to death forces him to reevaluate his time being spent with the gang. He approaches J.T with questions why such extreme cases of force were needed in both situations, and much to Sudhir's surprise J.T is willing to talk about what happened. He explained that C-note had been previously warned that the courts were going to be needed on that night. Furthermore, higher ups in the gang had been accompanying J.T that night. Had he allowed C-note to talk back to him like he did, it would have drastically reduced his influence and position in the leadership of the guild. It would have also sent the message that it was ok to refuse the gangs demands while accepting the gangs protection. J.T could not allow this so his hand was ultimately forced in the situation.  At the end of the questioning Sudhir is somewhat appeased, but he still is unsure how situations like these affect him morally. 

One of J.T's goals is to recreate the political power that the gangs of Chicago once had. Towards this end he requires all the young members of the gang to attend a voting "class" put on by a Lenny Duster. During this class Lenny informs the kids that they need to insure that they receive at least a high school  education. He also provides insight on how to work(sell drugs) more effectively. Finally, he instructs them to strong arm the population of the building into registering to vote and then vote according to the gangs wishes. Ultimately, the class appears to be more about promoting the gangs wellness then that of the kids. An example of the poor information that was given to them comes into the light as Sudhir fallows a small group of kids door to door to convince them to vote for the Black Kings. One lady is already registered to vote and the kids are utterly confused when she attempts to explain the voting process to them. Some time later Sudhir gets another example of the gangs involvement with the community when he witnesses a conflict between a car mechanic, Kris, and his customer.  The customer claims Kris has not done his job and refuses to pay. T-Bone, the gangs enforcer, shows up and discovers Kris to be telling the truth and the work has in fact been completed. T-Bone swiftly deals out justice and ensures Kris receives his pay. This indecent allows  Sudhir a brief glimpse into what exactly the gang offers the community in return for the disruptions caused by them.  The final example in the chapter occurs when the sound of a woman screaming attracts Sudhir's attention. She claims that a worker at a local store raped her daughter and gave her a STD. After Price is summoned the group goes to the store, the girl yells at the man in question, and a quick settlement is reached. Even after witnessing the indecent, Sudhir is unable to determine exactly why the gang got involved and the police were not called. Price explains that the gang helped because it's the gangs job to keep piece in the building. 

Finally, the chapter concludes with J.T being summoned away for a higher level gang meeting. Sudhir is allowed to wonder the dorm alone during this time. This excites him because he has never had this level of freedom before and hopes to use the time to interview more common people in the building, but he soon discovers that they don't wish to talk to him due to his gang affiliation. He does however get to talk to Ms. Bailey, the building president.

Chapter 4:

Chapter 5:

Chapter 6:

Chapter 7:

Tuesday, October 9, 2012

Group videos - Assignment #6


For my groups video project, we completed the task of entering Evens library and locating the book A Tragedy of the Commons by William Shakespeare. The book to be located was provided at the begging of the task so preexisting knowledge was limited to what each member knew of the library from previous trips. During the task, there were several characteristics that varied from person to person. Among these were the route taken to reach the book, how the books location was determined, and interactions with other people along the way.


The videos will hopefully provide us a window into understanding the people that we encountered during our mission to locate the book.

Thursday, October 4, 2012

Ethnographies - Assignment #5

Ethnography

Ethnography is the study of people as well as their culture, geography and societies. At its heart it consists of a researcher immersing him or her self in the culture for prolonged periods of time. Information about the people and their culture can then be observed and documented from the inside. Sometimes this research may take years to complete.


The Wikipedia article over Ethnography unfortunately came across as a little to technical and dull for my tastes.  It did however contain a large amount of useful information about ethnography and how ethnographic studies need to be carried out to be successful.  It is critically important that all methods used to gather data in a study are carried out without disruptions to the natural culture and practices of those being researched. It's also important to document any information gathered during the research to later be used in the evaluation of the field study.  In order for an ethnographic study to be evaluated to be successful it must meet five metrics: substantive contribution, aesthetic merit, relativity,  impact, and if it expresses the reality of those being studied. The article also addresses the common difficulties faced by ethnographers. Since they are in a culture that is not native to them and they are aiming to gather information from those around them, it is unnecessary for them to live out a small lie. This can cause a great deal of difficulty during the course of the case study. Most ethnographers display at least one of the "classic virtues" which will cause trouble later in the research. These include presenting themselves to be nicer than they actually are, working under the assumption that they can not dislike anyone, and presenting the people being studied with the research goal. Each of these causes far more trouble than it aids the researcher.


Of all the articles read, the Wikipedia entry over Coming of Age in Somalia  was by far my favorite. It provided an accurate real life example of what an ethnographic study should consist of. Mead gained the trust of the girls she was interested in studying by joining them in their village. It also granted her the ability to observe first hand the everyday cultures and traditions that differed greatly from the cultural norms in America at the time. She relied heavily on interview, daily observations, and journals(and a translator) to gather her information. The importance of her methods was made more apparent through Freeman's later attacks on her work after her death. Even though his intent was to tear down everything she had done, his attack forced the scientific community to closely study her methods and ultimately determine that she had been telling the truth. Personally, I think Freeman was just hoping to gain a little recognition by discrediting someone that was unable to defend their arguments. In hindsight it seems obvious that Freeman would not be able to get as truthful of a reaction out of the Somalian girls as Mead did. His research was decades later, and even if they where still willing to provide truthful information, most peoples' recollection is not that good. There is also the fact that he was an elderly gentleman while she was a girl near in age to the Somalians that were being interviewed. My largest complaint about the article was that it spent much more time discussing Freeman's attacks on Mead than it did discussing exactly what it was that Mead had done to gather her research. 

Tuesday, October 2, 2012

Design of Everyday Things - Assignment #2

THIS IS A WORK IN PROGRESS. IT SHOULD BE COMPLETED BY 10/3/12


Design of Everyday Things


Chapter Reviews

Chapter 1: The Psychopathology of Everyday Things

Since it is the first chapter in the book, this chapter seems to mostly just provides a plethora of examples of poorly designed items that will be used as examples throughout the book. There are also a few examples of well designed products. Another important feature of the chapter is that introduces several key vocabulary words that will be used throughout the story. The chapter emphasizes the importance of natural design. People should be able to understand how to use the items they own without  needing extensive training. To do this the devise needs to be intuitive. All labels need to be viable, attempt to have as close to 1 to 1 mapping as possible, and the items conceptional model needs to match the users system image. 

Important terms:
Visibility- correct parts must be visible and they must convey the correct message.
Affordance - fundamental properties that govern how an item can be used.
Constraints - physical  limitations on how an item can be used.
Mapping - Links action to results. Best if 1 to 1.
Conceptual model - model that allows user to predict the result of specific actions.
System image - Users idea of how device should work.
Feedback - information that tells the user what has actually happened. 
Paradox of technology - Tech makes things simpler, but requires more control so more complicated.

Chapter 2: The Psychology of Everyday Actions

This chapter deals with people's reactions to items that have been poorly designed. Far two often they end up blaming themselves for problems with the device that should never have existed in the first place. I know I have encountered situations like this many times before. It ends up with the user thinking less of him/her self because the device is too difficult to understand properly. These negative feelings are refereed to in the book as learned helplessness. Another common problem the book points out is that blame is usually difficult to place reasonably.

The chapter continued by explaining the seven stages of action that are invoked each time a person chooses to do something. As a designer, it is important to address the issues that are found in each section to minimize conflict. In particular the gulf of execution (difference between the intention and allowable actions) and the gulf of evaluation (effort required to determine the items state) can cause much frustration of they are not minimized.
 
Important terms:
Learned helplessness - situation in which people fail at a task, and as a result they decide the task can not be done. (at least not by them)
Taught helplessness - phobia of trying to interact with devices due to extended exposure to learned helplessness.
Gulf of execution - difference between the intentions and the allowable actions
Gulf of evaluation - amount of effort a person must exert to determine the state of a system.


Chapter 3: Knowledge In the Head and in the World


Imnportant terms:

Info in the world
great precision is not required.
Natural retrains are present
cultural constraints are pressent 

Chapter 4:

Chapter 5:

Chapter 6:

Chapter 7:

Good Designs 









Poor Designs